Genesis 1

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Weaknesses of Six-Day Reconstruction Theories

John Hepp, Jr.

Genesis 1 sketches six days in which God created. Most Jews and Christians over the years have believed that this was the original creation — and that verse 1 was the first step. Some, however, believe that the six days were a reconstruction (re-creation) of what had been created previously.

The gap theory was until recently the most popular reconstruction view. It sees {{Genesis 1:1}} as the original creation, then a gap of time before verse 2, which verse pictures divine judgment. Some time after that judgment, God started again. The New Scofield Reference Bible (p. 752) gives arguments for the gap theory in its comments on {{Isaiah 45:18}}. The brackets and emphasis are theirs; we have put the arguments in a column.

“He created it not in vain [tohu].” This is one of the Scripture passages that suggest the Divine Judgment interpretation of {{Genesis 1:1-2}}. This interpretation views the earth as having been created perfect. After an indefinite period of time, possibly in connection with Satan’s sin of rebellion against the Most High ({{Isaiah 14:12}} and {{Ezekiel 28:12}}), judgment fell upon the earth and “it was [became] without form and void.” Another indefinite interval elapsed after which “the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters” ({{Genesis 1:2}}) in a re-creation of the earth. Some of the arguments for this viewpoint are:

  1. Only the earth, not the universe, is said to have been “without form and void.”
  2. The face of the earth bears the marks of a catastrophe.
  3. The word rendered “was” may also be translated “became,” as indicated above—”became without form and void.”
  4. The Hebrew expression for “without form and void” (tohu wabohu) is used to describe a condition produced by divine judgment in the only other two texts where the two words appear in conjunction ({{Isaiah 34:11}}; {{Jeremiah 4:23}}).
  5. Such a prehistoric divine judgment would throw some light on Satan’s fall and the peculiar relation he seems to sustain to the earth. . . .
  6. This interpretation leaves room for an undetermined period of time between the original creation and divine judgment. Adam, created after the events of {{Genesis 1:1-2}}, was the first man.

This Scofield note is based on Isaiah’s statement that God “created [the earth] not tohu.” Scofield later refers to tohu and (wa) bohu, a combination probably meaning “without order or inhabitants.” Since this condition is sometimes produced by divine judgment, Scofield con­cludes that its usage in {{Genesis 1:2}} implies a divine judgment there, after an earlier, perfect creation in verse 1. This conclusion is not warranted. If God’s creation was in six stages, it was perfect in the final result—not in the first stage. And in fact, God did call it “very good” ({{Genesis 1:31}}). Consider some weaknesses in Scofield’s arguments, one by one as listed above.

  1. Genesis 1 is indeed silent about the condition of the rest of the universe. That proves nothing because the creation narrative is strictly from the earth’s perspective.
  2. The only clear Scriptural statements of worldwide catastrophe point to the flood, which made enormous changes. In fact, by the flood “the world of that time was deluged and destroyed” ({{2 Peter 3:6}}). As a result, Peter speaks of “the present heavens and earth” ({{2 Peter 3:7}}) as distinct from those before. In that case, how could we determine that any marks are pre-flood and belong to an earlier catastrophe?
  3. Although a different Hebrew construction could be translated “and the earth became,” the one in {{Genesis 1:2}} cannot (see technical discussion below). The construction used there describes a condition already existing, as it does in its next use ({{Genesis 3:1}}).
  4. Tohu wabohu is indeed an undesirable final condition. {{Jeremiah 4:23-26}} lamented that the LORD had brought his people to that condition. {{Isaiah 34:11}} so pictures Edom after the future judgment. But in {{Genesis 1:2}} it was not a final condition; it was an apt description of the first of several stages in which God put the earth in order and filled it.
  5. We would like to know more about Satan’s fall. But no Bible passage implies that his fall brought physical ruin to earth. We should not assume that the earth was cursed before Adam’s fall. In fact, no Scripture tells when Satan was created, though he was already present when God “laid the earth’s foundation” ({{Job 38:4-7}}). Apparently he was perfect at first. It is possible that he did not fall until after the six days of creation.
  6. This earth was designed as a “theater” to display God’s glory through man as co-ruler. What would be the purpose of an earth without human beings? No Bible passage suggests such a thing. Why then should we seek an “undetermined period” of time before the first man? Is it to harmonize the Bible with the theory held by evolutionists that the earth is ancient?

TECHNICAL: {{Genesis 1:2}} begins with Hebrew waw (which often means “and”) joined to the subject ha-aretz (“the earth”). This combination is followed by the “perfect” verb form hayatha (“was”), then the two adjectives tohu wa-bohu (“formless and empty”). Here as elsewhere, this grammatical construction does not refer to a later condition but gives additional information about the situation already described: “When God created the universe, the earth was formless and desolate” (TEV). The same construction next appears in {{Genesis 3:1}}: “Now the ser­pent was more crafty” (waw joined to the subject, followed by the verb hayah and an adjective). The condition it describes did not develop after chapter 2 but already existed at that point. See other examples of this usage in Judges ({{NASB, Judges 8:11}} “when the camp was unsuspect­ing”) and Jonah ({{NASB, Jonah 3:3}} “Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city”). A different waw construction can give the meaning “became”: initial waw joined to the “imperfect” form of the verb instead of the subject. There are many examples of this construction in Genesis 1, such as those translated “And it was so” in verses {{Genesis 1:7, 9, 11, 15, and 24}}. But not verse 2.

The summary theory, now gaining popularity, is another reconstruction theory. This theory considers {{Genesis 1:1}} a summary title for the story of re-creation (reconstruction) in six days. That story, it says, begins in verse 2. According to this theory, the original creation is not in Genesis 1 at all (and apparently, nowhere else). In effect, then, there is a gap before verse 1 rather than after it.

This theory also has weaknesses. Verse 1 is not a title but the beginning of a narrative. And verse 2 does not begin a story but—as you have seen—adds new information. Furthermore, if Genesis 1 does not relate the creation story, why does the Bible call it that? For example, the narrative begun in chapter 1 is concluded in {{Genesis 2:1-3}}, which says that “thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array” and that God “rested from all the work of creating that he had done.” The next section proceeds with “the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created” ({{Genesis 2:4}}). Many Bible passages refer to one creation, but none refers to two creations. They all agree with {{Exodus 20:11}} that “in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them.“

[[Genesis 1:1]]

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.

[[Genesis 1:1]]

[[Isaiah 45:18]]

For this is what the LORD says—
he who created the heavens,
he is God;
he who fashioned and made the earth,
he founded it;
he did not create it to be empty,
but formed it to be inhabited—
he says:
“I am the LORD,
and there is no other.

[[Isaiah 45:18]]

[[Genesis 1:1-2]]

1In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:1-2]]

[[Isaiah 14:12]]

How you have fallen from heaven,
morning star, son of the dawn!
You have been cast down to the earth,
you who once laid low the nations!

[[Isaiah 14:12]]

[[Ezekiel 28:12]]

“Son of man, take up a lament concerning the king of Tyre and say to him: ‘This is what the Sovereign LORD says:
“‘You were the seal of perfection,
full of wisdom and perfect in beauty.

[[Ezekiel 28:12]]

[[Genesis 1:2]]

Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:2]]

[[Isaiah 34:11]]

The desert owl and screech owl will possess it;
the great owl and the raven will nest there.
God will stretch out over Edom
the measuring line of chaos
and the plumb line of desolation.

[[Isaiah 34:11]]

[[Jeremiah 4:23]]

I looked at the earth,
and it was formless and empty;
and at the heavens,
and their light was gone.

[[Jeremiah 4:23]]

[[Genesis 1:1-2]]

1In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. 2 Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:1-2]]

[[Genesis 1:2]]

Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:2]]

[[Genesis 1:31]]

God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning — the sixth day.

[[Genesis 1:31]]

[[2 Peter 3:6]]

By these waters also the world of that time was deluged and destroyed.

[[2 Peter 3:6]]

[[2 Peter 3:7]]

By the same word the present heavens and earth are reserved for fire, being kept for the day of judgment and destruction of the ungodly.

[[2 Peter 3:7]]

[[Genesis 1:2]]

Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:2]]

[[Genesis 3:1]]

Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, “Did God really say, ‘You must not eat from any tree in the garden’?”

[[Genesis 3:1]]

[[Jeremiah 4:23-26]]

23I looked at the earth,
and it was formless and empty;
and at the heavens,
and their light was gone.
24 I looked at the mountains,
and they were quaking;
all the hills were swaying.
25 I looked, and there were no people;
every bird in the sky had flown away.
26 I looked, and the fruitful land was a desert;
all its towns lay in ruins
before the LORD, before his fierce anger.

[[Jeremiah 4:23-26]]

[[Isaiah 34:11]]

The desert owl and screech owl will possess it;
the great owl and the raven will nest there.
God will stretch out over Edom
the measuring line of chaos
and the plumb line of desolation.

[[Isaiah 34:11]]

[[Genesis 1:2]]

Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:2]]

[[Job 38:4-7]]

4“Where were you when I laid the earth’s foundation?
Tell me, if you understand.
5 Who marked off its dimensions? Surely you know!
Who stretched a measuring line across it?
6 On what were its footings set,
or who laid its cornerstone—
7 while the morning stars sang together
and all the angels shouted for joy?

[[Job 38:4-7]]

[[Genesis 1:2]]

Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters.

[[Genesis 1:2]]

[[Genesis 3:1]]

Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the LORD God had made. He said to the woman, “Did God really say, ‘You must not eat from any tree in the garden’?”

[[Genesis 3:1]]

[[NASB, Judges 8:11]]

Gideon went up by the way of those who lived in tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and attacked the camp when the camp was unsuspecting.

[[NASB, Judges 8:11]]

[[NASB, Jonah 3:3]]

So Jonah arose and went to Nineveh according to the word of the LORD. Now Nineveh was an exceedingly great city, a three days’ walk.

[[NASB, Jonah 3:3]]

[[Genesis 1:7, 9, 11, 15, and 24]]

7So God made the vault and separated the water under the vault from the water above it. And it was so.
9And God said, “Let the water under the sky be gathered to one place, and let dry ground appear.” And it was so.
11Then God said, “Let the land produce vegetation: seed-bearing plants and trees on the land that bear fruit with seed in it, according to their various kinds.” And it was so.
15and let them be lights in the vault of the sky to give light on the earth.” And it was so.
24And God said, “Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: the livestock, the creatures that move along the ground, and the wild animals, each according to its kind.” And it was so.

[[Genesis 1:7, 9, 11, 15, and 24]]

[[Genesis 1:1]]

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.

[[Genesis 1:1]]

[[Genesis 2:1-3]]

1Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array.
2By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested from all his work. 3Then God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done.

[[Genesis 2:1-3]]

[[Genesis 2:4]]

This is the account of the heavens and the earth when they were created, when the LORD God made the earth and the heavens.

[[Genesis 2:4]]

[[Exodus 20:11]]

For in six days the LORD made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but he rested on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD blessed the Sabbath day and made it holy.

[[Exodus 20:11]]

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